Star Forts (bastion fort) around the world

Palmanova from the air.

A bastion fort, star fort or trace italienne, is a fortification in a style that evolved during the age of gunpowder when the cannon came to dominate the battlefield. It was first seen in the mid-15th century in Italy. The design of the fort is normally a pentagon or hexagon with bastions at the corners of the walls. These outcroppings are present for the purpose of a total, panoramic view of the battlefield. Because of the bastions, archers and cannon operators can hit any target on the battlefield without having to lean over the wall and expose themselves. Many bastion forts also feature cavaliers, which are raised secondary structures based entirely inside the primary structure. Source: Wikipedia

Aerial photograph of Neuf Brisach.

fort-bourtange-

Elvas Fortress, Portugal

Fort de Bellegarde, Le Perthus

Fort George on Citadel Hill, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Josefov Fortress in Jaroměř

Citadel of Quebec, in Quebec City.

The 19th-century Goryokaku.

Fort Stanwix, Rome, New York.

Kronborg Castle, Helsingør

Castillo de San Marcos in St Augustine, Florida

Photo Source: Collected from Internet